28th Dec. 2015
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly infectious
disease caused by a virus in the genus Aphthovirus,
family Picornaviridae. There are
seven serotypes of FMD virus (FMDV) namely O, A, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3 and Asia1
that affects cloven-hoofed animals and causes disease in important domestic
livestock species including; cattle, pigs, Goats and sheep and wild bovids. In the Greater Horn of Africa region, all the
listed strains are present except Asia 1 though serotype C is now less frequent
and was last reported in Kenya in the year 2004. Infection with any one
serotype does not confer immunity against another and in essence the serotype
and their many sub-serotypes are like different FMD diseases in the region. FMD
is considered a Transboundary Animal Disease (TAD) with threat to trade of live
animals and their products, and is also considered a livestock production
disease because of its negative impact on meat and milk production.
Close contact of livestock in watering points and in
limited pastures during drought periods.
Unregulated trade, livestock movement and proximity
between open endemic and closed systems of livestock management
Breed and immunological status: Severity of FMD
outbreaks varies with breeds and immunological status of the susceptible
population. Improved breeds and exotic breeds show more severe disease compared
with local breeds.
Presence of a naive livestock population: Infection
of isolated naive populations is usually more severe when compared to endemic
populations.
Closed and open management systems: Endemicity is
supported by open systems and frequent livestock movements and mixing of
different herds as seen in pastoral areas. Closed systems, like in the dairy
systems may give rise to epidemic situations of FMD when biosecurity is
breached.
Different susceptible species have different
epidemiological roles in the maintenance, transmission and spread of FMD.
Domestic pigs, wild pigs and warthogs act as amplifier hosts, while the African
buffalo can maintain sub-clinical infection with low intermittent viral
excretion and act as a reservoir for the SAT viruses. The disease is spread by
infected animals through aerosols, contact with contaminated farm equipment,
vehicles, clothing or feed, and by domestic and wild predators. Animal movement
and wildlife reservoirs are important for transmission of FMD in the region.
FMD should be suspected in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and
other cloven-hoofed animals if any one or more of the following clinical signs
are encountered: Fever (40oC); unruptured vesicles; blisters and
sores in the mouth, tongue, teats and feet at the coronary band and
interdigital space; lameness, salivation, discharges from the nose and the
mouth.
Field diagnosis of FMD in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs
and other cloven-hoofed animals is based on the main clinical signs which include:
Vesicles, blisters and sores in the mouth, interdigital space and coronary band
in the feet; Salivation; and Sudden death in young animals. Laboratory
diagnosis is based on serological tests (Virus Neutralization, competitive
ELISA) and virus isolation, detection and nucleic acid recognition methods (Sandwich
ELISA, RT-PCR).
There is no specific treatment for FMD, but
supportive care may be allowed in FMD endemic areas. FMD out- breaks are
typically combated through a combined strategy of mass vaccination and animal
culling. Livestock movement restriction from outside the ecosystem is important
in reducing incursion of new serotypes and sub-serotypes. Ring vaccination
within 10 km radius should be applied around outbreak areas starting from clean
areas inward during outbreaks. Vaccination should not be done in infected
farms.
Containment of FMD will demand considerable efforts
in movement restrictions, including quarantine and vaccination. And FMD being endemic
throughout the Greater Horn of Africa, regional coordination is essential for
its improved control.
Dr.
Moses Bwana
Post-grad at the University of Nairobi
[Applied Microbiology]
Cell: +254729246187;
Email: bwanamoses@gmail.com
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